Soft signaling for application service accessibility in advanced networks

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and devices are described to facilitate soft signaling between a user equipment (UE) and a network element. A UE and a network element can exchange HTTP or Websocket messages to identify and request network resources needed for the UE to access and use application services. The network element can use requested network resources to cause the configuration of a connection between the UE and a radio access network.

FIELD

This disclosure pertains to soft signaling for application service accessibility in advanced networks.

BACKGROUND

Advancements in radio access technology include the adoption of the virtualization of network functions. Virtualization allows for network entities and providers to launch new services and features quickly, while also meeting the demands of next generation radio access technologies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system.

FIG. 2 illustrates an architecture of a system including a core network (CN) in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a platform (or “device”) in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates example components of baseband circuitry and radio front end modules (RFEM) in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of an example network that includes a user equipment, a network exposure function (NEF), and a radio access network (RAN) in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of an example network that includes a user equipment, a network exposure function (NEF), and an open radio access network (O-RAN) in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a message flow diagram illustrating message flows and processes for a user equipment to exchange informational updates with a network entity to reconfigure network resources using soft signaling in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a message flow diagram illustrating message flows and processes for a user equipment to configure low latency quality of experience for using a service application using soft signaling in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a message flow diagram illustrating message flows and processes for a user equipment to exchange application state and network state updates with a network entity using soft signaling in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 illustrates various protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device according to various embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, of a system 1000 to support NFV.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system 100. For purposes of convenience and without limitation, the example system 100 is described in the context of Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) communication standards as defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) technical specifications. More specifically, the wireless communication system 100 is described in the context of a Non-Standalone (NSA) networks that incorporate both LTE and NR, for example, E-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) networks, and NE-DC networks. However, the wireless communication system 100 may also be a Standalone (SA) network that incorporates only NR. Furthermore, other types of communication standards are possible, including future 3GPP systems (e.g., Sixth Generation (6G)) systems, IEEE 802.16 protocols (e.g., WMAN, WiMAX, etc.), or the like.

As shown by FIG. 1 , the system 100 includes UE 101 a and UE 101 b (collectively referred to as “UEs 101” or “UE 101”). In this example, UEs 101 are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks), but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsets, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an Instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS), electronic/engine control units (ECUs), electronic/engine control modules (ECMs), embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or “smart” appliances, MTC devices, M2M, IoT devices, and/or the like.

In some embodiments, any of the UEs 101 may be IoT UEs, which may comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as M2M or MTC for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a PLMN, ProSe or D2D communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network.

The UEs 101 may be configured to connect, for example, communicatively couple, with RAN 110. In embodiments, the RAN 110 may be an NG RAN or a 5G RAN, an E-UTRAN, or a legacy RAN, such as a UTRAN or GERAN. As used herein, the term “NG RAN” or the like may refer to a RAN 110 that operates in an NR or 5G system 100, and the term “E-UTRAN” or the like may refer to a RAN 110 that operates in an LTE or 4G system 100. The UEs 101 utilize connections (or channels) 103 and 104, respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detail below).

In this example, the connections 103 and 104 are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a GSM protocol, a CDMA network protocol, a PTT protocol, a POC protocol, a UMTS protocol, a 3GPP LTE protocol, an Advanced long term evolution (LTE-A) protocol, a LTE-based access to unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U), a 5G protocol, a NR protocol, an NR-based access to unlicensed spectrum (NR-U) protocol, and/or any of the other communications protocols discussed herein. In embodiments, the UEs 101 may directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface 105. The ProSe interface 105 may alternatively be referred to as a SL interface 105 and may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a PSCCH, a PSSCH, a PSDCH, and a PSBCH.

The UE 101 b is shown to be configured to access an AP 106 (also referred to as “WLAN node 106,” “WLAN 106,” “WLAN Termination 106,” “WT 106” or the like) via connection 107. The connection 107 can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP 106 would comprise a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In this example, the AP 106 is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network (CN) of the wireless system (described in further detail below). In various embodiments, the UE 101 b, RAN 110, and AP 106 may be configured to utilize LWA operation and/or LWIP operation. The LWA operation may involve the UE 101 b in RRC_CONNECTED being configured by a RAN node 111 a-b to utilize radio resources of LTE and WLAN. LWIP operation may involve the UE 101 b using WLAN radio resources (e.g., connection 107) via IPsec protocol tunneling to authenticate and encrypt packets (e.g., IP packets) sent over the connection 107. IPsec tunneling may include encapsulating the entirety of original IP packets and adding a new packet header, thereby protecting the original header of the IP packets.

The RAN 110 can include one or more AN nodes or RAN nodes 111 a and 111 b (collectively referred to as “RAN nodes 111” or “RAN node 111”) that enable the connections 103 and 104. As used herein, the terms “access node,” “access point,” or the like may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions for data and/or voice connectivity between a network and one or more users. These access nodes can be referred to as BS, gNBs, RAN nodes, eNBs, NodeBs, RSUs, TRxPs or TRPs, and so forth, and can comprise ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). As used herein, the term “NG RAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node 111 that operates in an NR or 5G system 100 (for example, a gNB), and the term “E-UTRAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node 111 that operates in an LTE or 4G system 100 (e.g., an eNB). According to various embodiments, the RAN nodes 111 may be implemented as one or more of a dedicated physical device such as a macrocell base station, and/or a low power (LP) base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells.

In some embodiments, all or parts of the RAN nodes 111 may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN and/or a virtual baseband unit pool (vBBUP). In these embodiments, the CRAN or vBBUP may implement a RAN function split, such as a PDCP split wherein RRC and PDCP layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and other L2 protocol entities are operated by individual RAN nodes 111; a MAC/PHY split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and the PHY layer is operated by individual RAN nodes 111; or a “lower PHY” split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC layers and upper portions of the PHY layer are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and lower portions of the PHY layer are operated by individual RAN nodes 111. This virtualized framework allows the freed-up processor cores of the RAN nodes 111 to perform other virtualized applications. In some implementations, an individual RAN node 111 may represent individual gNB-DUs that are connected to a gNB-CU via individual F1 interfaces (not shown by FIG. 1 ). In these implementations, the gNB-DUs may include one or more remote radio heads or RFEMs (see, e.g., FIG. 3 ), and the gNB-CU may be operated by a server that is located in the RAN 110 (not shown) or by a server pool in a similar manner as the CRAN/vBBUP. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the RAN nodes 111 may be next generation eNBs (ng-eNBs), which are RAN nodes that provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UEs 101, and are connected to a 5GC (e.g., CN 220 of FIG. 2 ) via an NG interface (discussed infra).

In V2X scenarios one or more of the RAN nodes 111 may be or act as RSUs. The term “Road Side Unit” or “RSU” may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable RAN node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE, where an RSU implemented in or by a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU,” an RSU implemented in or by an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU,” an RSU implemented in or by a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU,” and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs 101 (vUEs 101). The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may operate on the 5.9 GHz Direct Short Range Communications (DSRC) band to provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate on the cellular V2X band to provide the aforementioned low latency communications, as well as other cellular communications services. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate as a Wi-Fi hotspot (2.4 GHz band) and/or provide connectivity to one or more cellular networks to provide uplink and downlink communications. The computing device(s) and some or all of the radiofrequency circuitry of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller and/or a backhaul network.

Any of the RAN nodes 111 can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs 101. In some embodiments, any of the RAN nodes 111 can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN 110 including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management.

In embodiments, the UEs 101 can be configured to communicate using OFDM communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes 111 over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an OFDMA communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a SC-FDMA communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes 111 to the UEs 101, while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks.

According to various embodiments, the UEs 101 and the RAN nodes 111 communicate data (for example, transmit and receive) data over a licensed medium (also referred to as the “licensed spectrum” and/or the “licensed band”) and an unlicensed shared medium (also referred to as the “unlicensed spectrum” and/or the “unlicensed band”). The licensed spectrum may include channels that operate in the frequency range of approximately 400 MHz to approximately 3.8 GHz, whereas the unlicensed spectrum may include the 5 GHz band. NR in the unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U, and LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire.

To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the UEs 101 and the RAN nodes 111 may operate using LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms. In these implementations, the UEs 101 and the RAN nodes 111 may perform one or more known medium-sensing operations and/or carrier-sensing operations in order to determine whether one or more channels in the unlicensed spectrum is unavailable or otherwise occupied prior to transmitting in the unlicensed spectrum. The medium/carrier sensing operations may be performed according to a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol.

LBT is a mechanism whereby equipment (for example, UEs 101 RAN nodes 111, etc.) senses a medium (for example, a channel or carrier frequency) and transmits when the medium is sensed to be idle (or when a specific channel in the medium is sensed to be unoccupied). The medium sensing operation may include CCA, which utilizes at least ED to determine the presence or absence of other signals on a channel in order to determine if a channel is occupied or clear. This LBT mechanism allows cellular/LAA networks to coexist with incumbent systems in the unlicensed spectrum and with other LAA networks. ED may include sensing RF energy across an intended transmission band for a period of time and comparing the sensed RF energy to a predefined or configured threshold.

Typically, the incumbent systems in the 5 GHz band are WLANs based on IEEE 802.11 technologies. WLAN employs a contention-based channel access mechanism, called CSMA/CA. Here, when a WLAN node (e.g., a mobile station (MS) such as UE 101, AP 106, or the like) intends to transmit, the WLAN node may first perform CCA before transmission. Additionally, a backoff mechanism is used to avoid collisions in situations where more than one WLAN node senses the channel as idle and transmits at the same time. The backoff mechanism may be a counter that is drawn randomly within the CWS, which is increased exponentially upon the occurrence of collision and reset to a minimum value when the transmission succeeds. The LBT mechanism designed for LAA is somewhat similar to the CSMA/CA of WLAN. In some implementations, the LBT procedure for DL or UL transmission bursts including PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions, respectively, may have an LAA contention window that is variable in length between X and Y ECCA slots, where X and Y are minimum and maximum values for the CWSs for LAA. In one example, the minimum CWS for an LAA transmission may be 9 microseconds (s); however, the size of the CWS and a MCOT (for example, a transmission burst) may be based on governmental regulatory requirements.

The LAA mechanisms are built upon CA technologies of LTE-Advanced systems. In CA, each aggregated carrier is referred to as a CC. A CC may have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz and a maximum of five CCs can be aggregated, and therefore, a maximum aggregated bandwidth is 100 MHz. In FDD systems, the number of aggregated carriers can be different for DL and UL, where the number of UL CCs is equal to or lower than the number of DL component carriers. In some cases, individual CCs can have a different bandwidth than other CCs. In TDD systems, the number of CCs as well as the bandwidths of each CC is usually the same for DL and UL.

CA also comprises individual serving cells to provide individual CCs. The coverage of the serving cells may differ, for example, because CCs on different frequency bands will experience different pathloss. A primary service cell or PCell may provide a PCC for both UL and DL, and may handle RRC and NAS related activities. The other serving cells are referred to as SCells, and each SCell may provide an individual SCC for both UL and DL. The SCCs may be added and removed as required, while changing the PCC may require the UE 101 to undergo a handover. In LAA, eLAA, and feLAA, some or all of the SCells may operate in the unlicensed spectrum (referred to as “LAA SCells”), and the LAA SCells are assisted by a PCell operating in the licensed spectrum. When a UE is configured with more than one LAA SCell, the UE may receive UL grants on the configured LAA SCells indicating different PUSCH starting positions within a same subframe.

The PDSCH carries user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs 101. The PDCCH carries information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs 101 about the transport format, resource allocation, and HARQ information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE 101 b within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes 111 based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs 101. The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs 101.

The PDCCH uses CCEs to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as REGs. Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the DCI and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8).

Some embodiments may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some embodiments may utilize an EPDCCH that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more ECCEs. Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as an EREGs. An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs in some situations.

The RAN nodes 111 may be configured to communicate with one another via interface 112. In embodiments where the system 100 is an LTE system (e.g., when CN 120 is an evolved packet core (EPC)), the interface 112 may be an X2 interface 112. The X2 interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes 111 (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to EPC 120, and/or between two eNBs connecting to EPC 120. In some implementations, the X2 interface may include an X2 user plane interface (X2-U) and an X2 control plane interface (X2-C). The X2-U may provide flow control mechanisms for user data packets transferred over the X2 interface, and may be used to communicate information about the delivery of user data between eNBs. For example, the X2-U may provide specific sequence number information for user data transferred from a MeNB to an SeNB; information about successful in sequence delivery of PDCP PDUs to a UE 101 from an SeNB for user data; information of PDCP PDUs that were not delivered to a UE 101; information about a current minimum desired buffer size at the SeNB for transmitting to the UE user data; and the like. The X2-C may provide intra-LTE access mobility functionality, including context transfers from source to target eNBs, user plane transport control, etc.; load management functionality; as well as inter-cell interference coordination functionality.

In embodiments where the system 100 is a 5G or NR system (e.g., when CN 120 is an 5GC 220 as in FIG. 2 ), the interface 112 may be an Xn interface 112. The Xn interface is defined between two or more RAN nodes 111 (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to 5GC 120, between a RAN node 111 (e.g., a gNB) connecting to 5GC 120 and an eNB, and/or between two eNBs connecting to 5GC 120. In some implementations, the Xn interface may include an Xn user plane (Xn-U) interface and an Xn control plane (Xn-C) interface. The Xn-U may provide non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs and support/provide data forwarding and flow control functionality. The Xn-C may provide management and error handling functionality, functionality to manage the Xn-C interface; mobility support for UE 101 in a connected mode (e.g., CM-CONNECTED) including functionality to manage the UE mobility for connected mode between one or more RAN nodes 111. The mobility support may include context transfer from an old (source) serving RAN node 111 to new (target) serving RAN node 111; and control of user plane tunnels between old (source) serving RAN node 111 to new (target) serving RAN node 111. A protocol stack of the Xn-U may include a transport network layer built on Internet Protocol (IP) transport layer, and a GTP-U layer on top of a UDP and/or IP layer(s) to carry user plane PDUs. The Xn-C protocol stack may include an application layer signaling protocol (referred to as Xn Application Protocol (Xn-AP)) and a transport network layer that is built on SCTP. The SCTP may be on top of an IP layer, and may provide the guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. In the transport IP layer, point-to-point transmission is used to deliver the signaling PDUs. In other implementations, the Xn-U protocol stack and/or the Xn-C protocol stack may be same or similar to the user plane and/or control plane protocol stack(s) shown and described herein.

The RAN 110 is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network—in this embodiment, core network (CN) 120. The CN 120 may comprise a plurality of network elements 122, which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (e.g., users of UEs 101) who are connected to the CN 120 via the RAN 110. The components of the CN 120 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the above-described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN 120 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 120 may be referred to as a network sub-slice. NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions.

Generally, the application server 130 may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS PS domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). The application server 130 can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., VoIP sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs 101 via the EPC 120.

In embodiments, the CN 120 may be a 5GC (referred to as “5GC 120” or the like), and the RAN 110 may be connected with the CN 120 via an NG interface 113. In embodiments, the NG interface 113 may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface 114, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 111 and a UPF, and the S1 control plane (NG-C) interface 115, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 111 and AMFs. Embodiments where the CN 120 is a 5GC 120 are discussed in more detail with regard to FIG. 2 .

In embodiments, the CN 120 may be a 5G CN (referred to as “5GC 120” or the like), while in other embodiments, the CN 120 may be an EPC). Where CN 120 is an evolved packet core (EPC) (referred to as “EPC 120” or the like), the RAN 110 may be connected with the CN 120 via an S1 interface 113. In embodiments, the S1 interface 113 may be split into two parts, an S1 user plane (S1-U) interface 114, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 111 and the serving gateway (S-GW), and the S1-MME interface 115, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 111 and mobility management entities (MMEs).

FIG. 2 illustrates an architecture of a system 200 including a second CN 220 in accordance with various embodiments. The system 200 is shown to include a UE 201, which may be the same or similar to the UEs 101 discussed previously; a (R)AN 210, which may be the same or similar to the RAN 110 discussed previously, and which may include RAN nodes 111 discussed previously; and a DN 203, which may be, for example, operator services, Internet access or 3rd party services; and a 5GC 220. The 5GC 220 may include an AUSF 222; an AMF 221; a SMF 224; a NEF 223; a PCF 226; a NRF 225; a UDM 227; an AF 228; a UPF 202; and a NSSF 229.

The UPF 202 may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to DN 203, and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF 202 may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform Uplink Traffic verification (e.g., SDF to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF 202 may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network. The DN 203 may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services. DN 203 may include, or be similar to, application server 130 discussed previously. The UPF 202 may interact with the SMF 224 via an N4 reference point between the SMF 224 and the UPF 202.

The AUSF 222 may store data for authentication of UE 201 and handle authentication-related functionality. The AUSF 222 may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. The AUSF 222 may communicate with the AMF 221 via an N12 reference point between the AMF 221 and the AUSF 222; and may communicate with the UDM 227 via an N13 reference point between the UDM 227 and the AUSF 222. Additionally, the AUSF 222 may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface.

The AMF 221 may be responsible for registration management (e.g., for registering UE 201, etc.), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, and lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF 221 may be a termination point for the N11 reference point between the AMF 221 and the SMF 224. The AMF 221 may provide transport for SM messages between the UE 201 and the SMF 224, and act as a transparent pro10 for routing SM messages. AMF 221 may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE 201 and an SMSF (not shown by FIG. 2 ). AMF 221 may act as SEAF, which may include interaction with the AUSF 222 and the UE 201, receipt of an intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 201 authentication process. Where USIM based authentication is used, the AMF 221 may retrieve the security material from the AUSF 222. AMF 221 may also include a SCM function, which receives a key from the SEA that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. Furthermore, AMF 221 may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the (R)AN 210 and the AMF 221; and the AMF 221 may be a termination point of NAS (N1) signaling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection.

AMF 221 may also support NAS signaling with a UE 201 over an N3 IWF interface. The N3IWF may be used to provide access to untrusted entities. N3IWF may be a termination point for the N2 interface between the (R)AN 210 and the AMF 221 for the control plane, and may be a termination point for the N3 reference point between the (R)AN 210 and the UPF 202 for the user plane. As such, the AMF 221 may handle N2 signaling from the SMF 224 and the AMF 221 for PDU sessions and QoS, encapsulate/de-encapsulate packets for IPSec and N3 tunneling, mark N3 user-plane packets in the uplink, and enforce QoS corresponding to N3 packet marking taking into account QoS requirements associated with such marking received over N2. N3IWF may also relay uplink and downlink control-plane NAS signaling between the UE 201 and AMF 221 via an N1 reference point between the UE 201 and the AMF 221, and relay uplink and downlink user-plane packets between the UE 201 and UPF 202. The N3IWF also provides mechanisms for IPsec tunnel establishment with the UE 201. The AMF 221 may exhibit an Namf service-based interface, and may be a termination point for an N14 reference point between two AMFs 221 and an N17 reference point between the AMF 221 and a 5G-EIR (not shown by FIG. 2 ).

The UE 201 may need to register with the AMF 221 in order to receive network services. RM is used to register or deregister the UE 201 with the network (e.g., AMF 221), and establish a UE context in the network (e.g., AMF 221). The UE 201 may operate in an RM-REGISTERED state or an RM-DEREGISTERED state. In the RM DEREGISTERED state, the UE 201 is not registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 221 holds no valid location or routing information for the UE 201 so the UE 201 is not reachable by the AMF 221. In the RM REGISTERED state, the UE 201 is registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 221 may hold a valid location or routing information for the UE 201 so the UE 201 is reachable by the AMF 221. In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE 201 may perform mobility Registration Update procedures, perform periodic Registration Update procedures triggered by expiration of the periodic update timer (e.g., to notify the network that the UE 201 is still active), and perform a Registration Update procedure to update UE capability information or to re-negotiate protocol parameters with the network, among others.

The AMF 221 may store one or more RM contexts for the UE 201, where each RM context is associated with a specific access to the network. The RM context may be a data structure, database object, etc. That indicates or stores, inter alia, a registration state per access type and the periodic update timer. The AMF 221 may also store a 5GC MM context that may be the same or similar to the (E)MM context discussed previously. In various embodiments, the AMF 221 may store a CE mode B Restriction parameter of the UE 201 in an associated MM context or RM context. The AMF 221 may also derive the value, when needed, from the UE's usage setting parameter already stored in the UE context (and/or MM/RM context).

CM may be used to establish and release a signaling connection between the UE 201 and the AMF 221 over the N1 interface. The signaling connection is used to enable NAS signaling exchange between the UE 201 and the CN 220, and comprises both the signaling connection between the UE and the AN (e.g., RRC connection or UE-N3IWF connection for non-3GPP access) and the N2 connection for the UE 201 between the AN (e.g., RAN 210) and the AMF 221. The UE 201 may operate in one of two CM states, CM-IDLE mode or CM-CONNECTED mode. When the UE 201 is operating in the CM-IDLE state/mode, the UE 201 may have no NAS signaling connection established with the AMF 221 over the N1 interface, and there may be (R)AN 210 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE 201. When the UE 201 is operating in the CM-CONNECTED state/mode, the UE 201 may have an established NAS signaling connection with the AMF 221 over the N1 interface, and there may be a (R)AN 210 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE 201. Establishment of an N2 connection between the (R)AN 210 and the AMF 221 may cause the UE 201 to transition from CM-IDLE mode to CM-CONNECTED mode, and the UE 201 may transition from the CM-CONNECTED mode to the CM-IDLE mode when N2 signaling between the (R)AN 210 and the AMF 221 is released.

The SMF 224 may be responsible for SM (e.g., session establishment, modify and release, including tunnel maintain between UPF and AN node); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF over N2 to AN; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between a UE 201 and a data network (DN) 203 identified by a Data Network Name (DNN). PDU sessions may be established upon UE 201 request, modified upon UE 201 and 5GC 220 request, and released upon UE 201 and 5GC 220 request using NAS SM signaling exchanged over the N1 reference point between the UE 201 and the SMF 224. Upon request from an application server, the 5GC 220 may trigger a specific application in the UE 201. In response to receipt of the trigger message, the UE 201 may pass the trigger message (or relevant parts/information of the trigger message) to one or more identified applications in the UE 201. The identified application(s) in the UE 201 may establish a PDU session to a specific DNN. The SMF 224 may check whether the UE 201 requests are compliant with user subscription information associated with the UE 201. In this regard, the SMF 224 may retrieve and/or request to receive update notifications on SMF 224 level subscription data from the UDM 227.

The SMF 224 may include the following roaming functionality: handling local enforcement to apply QoS SLAB (VPLMN); charging data collection and charging interface (VPLMN); lawful intercept (in VPLMN for SM events and interface to LI system); and support for interaction with external DN for transport of signaling for PDU session authorization/authentication by external DN. An N16 reference point between two SMFs 224 may be included in the system 200, which may be between another SMF 224 in a visited network and the SMF 224 in the home network in roaming scenarios. Additionally, the SMF 224 may exhibit the Nsmf service-based interface.

The NEF 223 may provide means for securely exposing the services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, Application Functions (e.g., AF 228), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF 223 may authenticate, authorize, and/or throttle the AFs. NEF 223 may also translate information exchanged with the AF 228 and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF 223 may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF 223 may also receive information from other network functions (NFs) based on exposed capabilities of other network functions. This information may be stored at the NEF 223 as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF 223 to other NFs and AFs, and/or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF 223 may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface.

The NRF 225 may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF 225 also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF 225 may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface.

The PCF 226 may provide policy rules to control plane function(s) to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behavior. The PCF 226 may also implement an FE to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM 227. The PCF 226 may communicate with the AMF 221 via an N15 reference point between the PCF 226 and the AMF 221, which may include a PCF 226 in a visited network and the AMF 221 in case of roaming scenarios. The PCF 226 may communicate with the AF 228 via an N5 reference point between the PCF 226 and the AF 228; and with the SMF 224 via an N7 reference point between the PCF 226 and the SMF 224. The system 200 and/or CN 220 may also include an N24 reference point between the PCF 226 (in the home network) and a PCF 226 in a visited network. Additionally, the PCF 226 may exhibit an Npcf service-based interface.

The UDM 227 may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities' handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE 201. For example, subscription data may be communicated between the UDM 227 and the AMF 221 via an N8 reference point between the UDM 227 and the AMF. The UDM 227 may include two parts, an application FE and a UDR (the FE and UDR are not shown by FIG. 2 ). The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM 227 and the PCF 226, and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs 201) for the NEF 223. The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR 221 to allow the UDM 227, PCF 226, and NEF 223 to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management, and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. The UDR may interact with the SMF 224 via an N10 reference point between the UDM 227 and the SMF 224. UDM 227 may also support SMS management, wherein an SMS-FE implements the similar application logic as discussed previously. Additionally, the UDM 227 may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface.

The AF 228 may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to the NCE, and interact with the policy framework for policy control. The NCE may be a mechanism that allows the 5GC 220 and AF 228 to provide information to each other via NEF 223, which may be used for edge computing implementations. In such implementations, the network operator and third party services may be hosted close to the UE 201 access point of attachment to achieve an efficient service delivery through the reduced end-to-end latency and load on the transport network. For edge computing implementations, the 5GC may select a UPF 202 close to the UE 201 and execute traffic steering from the UPF 202 to DN 203 via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF 228. In this way, the AF 228 may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF 228 is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF 228 to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF 228 may exhibit an Naf service-based interface.

The NSSF 229 may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE 201. The NSSF 229 may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF 229 may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE 201, or a list of candidate AMF(s) 221 based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF 225. The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE 201 may be triggered by the AMF 221 with which the UE 201 is registered by interacting with the NSSF 229, which may lead to a change of AMF 221. The NSSF 229 may interact with the AMF 221 via an N22 reference point between AMF 221 and NSSF 229; and may communicate with another NSSF 229 in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown by FIG. 2 ). Additionally, the NSSF 229 may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface.

As discussed previously, the CN 220 may include an SMSF, which may be responsible for SMS subscription checking and verification, and relaying SM messages to/from the UE 201 to/from other entities, such as an SMS-GMSC/IWMSC/SMS-router. The SMS may also interact with AMF 221 and UDM 227 for a notification procedure that the UE 201 is available for SMS transfer (e.g., set a UE not reachable flag, and notifying UDM 227 when UE 201 is available for SMS).

The CN 120 may also include other elements that are not shown by FIG. 2 , such as a Data Storage system/architecture, a 5G-EIR, a SEPP, and the like. The Data Storage system may include a SDSF, an UDSF, and/or the like. Any NF may store and retrieve unstructured data into/from the UDSF (e.g., UE contexts), via N18 reference point between any NF and the UDSF (not shown by FIG. 2 ). Individual NFs may share a UDSF for storing their respective unstructured data or individual NFs may each have their own UDSF located at or near the individual NFs. Additionally, the UDSF may exhibit an Nudsf service-based interface (not shown by FIG. 2 ). The 5G-EIR may be an NF that checks the status of PEI for determining whether particular equipment/entities are blacklisted from the network; and the SEPP may be a non-transparent pro10 that performs topology hiding, message filtering, and policing on inter-PLMN control plane interfaces.

Additionally, there may be many more reference points and/or service-based interfaces between the NF services in the NFs; however, these interfaces and reference points have been omitted from FIG. 2 for clarity. In one example, the CN 220 may include an Nx interface, which is an inter-CN interface between the MME and the AMF 221 in order to enable interworking between CN 220 and other CNs. Other example interfaces/reference points may include an N5g-EIR service-based interface exhibited by a 5G-EIR, an N27 reference point between the NRF in the visited network and the NRF in the home network; and an N31 reference point between the NSSF in the visited network and the NSSF in the home network.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a platform 300 (or “device 300”) in accordance with various embodiments. In embodiments, the computer platform 300 may be suitable for use as UEs 101, 201, application servers 130, and/or any other element/device discussed herein. The platform 300 may include any combinations of the components shown in the example. The components of platform 300 may be implemented as integrated circuits (ICs), portions thereof, discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof adapted in the computer platform 300, or as components otherwise incorporated within a chassis of a larger system. The block diagram of FIG. 3 is intended to show a high level view of components of the computer platform 300. However, some of the components shown may be omitted, additional components may be present, and different arrangement of the components shown may occur in other implementations.

Application circuitry 305 includes circuitry such as, but not limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of LDOs, interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I2C or universal programmable serial interface module, RTC, timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose I/O, memory card controllers such as SD MMC or similar, USB interfaces, MIPI interfaces, and JTAG test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry 305 may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system 300. In some implementations, the memory/storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein.

The processor(s) of application circuitry 305 may include, for example, one or more processor cores, one or more application processors, one or more GPUs, one or more RISC processors, one or more ARM processors, one or more CISC processors, one or more DSP, one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, a multithreaded processor, an ultra-low voltage processor, an embedded processor, some other known processing element, or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments, the application circuitry 305 may comprise, or may be, a special-purpose processor/controller to operate according to the various embodiments herein.

As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry 305 may include an Apple A-series processor. The processors of the application circuitry 305 may also be one or more of an Intel® Architecture Core™ based processor, such as a Quark™, an Atom™, an i3, an i5, an i7, or an MCU-class processor, or another such processor available from Intel® Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif.; Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s) or Accelerated Processing Units (APUs); Snapdragon™ processor(s) from Qualcomm® Technologies, Inc., Texas Instruments, Inc.® Open Multimedia Applications Platform (OMAP)™ processor(s); a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior M-class, Warrior I-class, and Warrior P-class processors; an ARM-based design licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd., such as the ARM Cortex-A, Cortex-R, and Cortex-M family of processors; or the like. In some implementations, the application circuitry 305 may be a part of a system on a chip (SoC) in which the application circuitry 305 and other components are formed into a single integrated circuit.

Additionally or alternatively, application circuitry 305 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as FPGAs and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 305 may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. Of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 305 may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. In look-up tables (LUTs) and the like.

The baseband circuitry 310 may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry 310 are discussed infra with regard to FIG. 4 .

The RFEMs 315 may comprise a millimeter wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see e.g., antenna array 411 of FIG. 4 infra), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM 315, which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave.

The memory circuitry 320 may include any number and type of memory devices used to provide for a given amount of system memory. As examples, the memory circuitry 320 may include one or more of volatile memory including random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc. The memory circuitry 320 may be developed in accordance with a Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC) low power double data rate (LPDDR)-based design, such as LPDDR2, LPDDR3, LPDDR4, or the like. Memory circuitry 320 may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, single die package (SDP), dual die package (DDP) or quad die package (Q17P), socketed memory modules, dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) including microDIMMs or MiniDIMMs, and/or soldered onto a motherboard via a ball grid array (BGA). In low power implementations, the memory circuitry 320 may be on-die memory or registers associated with the application circuitry 305. To provide for persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems and so forth, memory circuitry 320 may include one or more mass storage devices, which may include, inter alia, a solid state disk drive (SSDD), hard disk drive (HDD), a micro HDD, resistance change memories, phase change memories, holographic memories, or chemical memories, among others. For example, the computer platform 300 may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®.

Removable memory circuitry 323 may include devices, circuitry, enclosures/housings, ports or receptacles, etc. Used to couple portable data storage devices with the platform 300. These portable data storage devices may be used for mass storage purposes, and may include, for example, flash memory cards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards, xD picture cards, and the like), and USB flash drives, optical discs, external HDDs, and the like.

The platform 300 may also include interface circuitry (not shown) that is used to connect external devices with the platform 300. The external devices connected to the platform 300 via the interface circuitry include sensor circuitry 321 and electro-mechanical components (EMCs) 322, as well as removable memory devices coupled to removable memory circuitry 323.

The sensor circuitry 321 include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information (sensor data) about the detected events to some other a device, module, subsystem, etc. Examples of such sensors include, inter alia, inertia measurement units (IMUs) comprising accelerometers, gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) comprising 3-axis accelerometers, 3-axis gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; level sensors; flow sensors; temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors); pressure sensors; barometric pressure sensors; gravimeters; altimeters; image capture devices (e.g., cameras or lensless apertures); light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors; proximity sensors (e.g., infrared radiation detector and the like), depth sensors, ambient light sensors, ultrasonic transceivers; microphones or other like audio capture devices; etc.

EMCs 322 include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to enable platform 300 to change its state, position, and/or orientation, or move or control a mechanism or (sub)system. Additionally, EMCs 322 may be configured to generate and send messages/signaling to other components of the platform 300 to indicate a current state of the EMCs 322. Examples of the EMCs 322 include one or more power switches, relays including electromechanical relays (EMRs) and/or solid state relays (SSRs), actuators (e.g., valve actuators, etc.), an audible sound generator, a visual warning device, motors (e.g., DC motors, stepper motors, etc.), wheels, thrusters, propellers, claws, clamps, hooks, and/or other like electro-mechanical components. In embodiments, platform 300 is configured to operate one or more EMCs 322 based on one or more captured events and/or instructions or control signals received from a service provider and/or various clients.

In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 300 with positioning circuitry 345. The positioning circuitry 345 includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted/broadcasted by a positioning network of a GNSS. Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) include United States' GPS, Russia's GLONASS, the European Union's Galileo system, China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., NAVIC), Japan's QZSS, France's DORIS, etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry 345 comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry 345 may include a Micro-PNT IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry 345 may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry 310 and/or RFEMs 315 to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry 345 may also provide position data and/or time data to the application circuitry 305, which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., radio base stations), for turn-by-turn navigation applications, or the like

In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 300 with Near-Field Communication (NFC) circuitry 340. NFC circuitry 340 is configured to provide contactless, short-range communications based on radio frequency identification (RFID) standards, wherein magnetic field induction is used to enable communication between NFC circuitry 340 and NFC-enabled devices external to the platform 300 (e.g., an “NFC touchpoint”). NFC circuitry 340 comprises an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processor coupled with the NFC controller. The NFC controller may be a chip/IC providing NFC functionalities to the NFC circuitry 340 by executing NFC controller firmware and an NFC stack. The NFC stack may be executed by the processor to control the NFC controller, and the NFC controller firmware may be executed by the NFC controller to control the antenna element to emit short-range RF signals. The RF signals may power a passive NFC tag (e.g., a microchip embedded in a sticker or wristband) to transmit stored data to the NFC circuitry 340, or initiate data transfer between the NFC circuitry 340 and another active NFC device (e.g., a smartphone or an NFC-enabled POS terminal) that is proximate to the platform 300.

The driver circuitry 346 may include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the platform 300, attached to the platform 300, or otherwise communicatively coupled with the platform 300. The driver circuitry 346 may include individual drivers allowing other components of the platform 300 to interact with or control various input/output (I/O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the platform 300. For example, driver circuitry 346 may include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface of the platform 300, sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensor circuitry 321 and control and allow access to sensor circuitry 321, EMC drivers to obtain actuator positions of the EMCs 322 and/or control and allow access to the EMCs 322, a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices.

The power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) 325 (also referred to as “power management circuitry 325”) may manage power provided to various components of the platform 300. In particular, with respect to the baseband circuitry 310, the PMIC 325 may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMIC 325 may often be included when the platform 300 is capable of being powered by a battery 330, for example, when the device is included in a UE 101, 201.

In some embodiments, the PMIC 325 may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the platform 300. For example, if the platform 300 is in an RRC_Connected state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the platform 300 may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the platform 300 may transition off to an RRC_Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The platform 300 goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The platform 300 may not receive data in this state; in order to receive data, it must transition back to RRC_Connected state. An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is totally unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable.

A battery 330 may power the platform 300, although in some examples the platform 300 may be mounted deployed in a fixed location, and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. The battery 330 may be a lithium ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a lithium-air battery, and the like. In some implementations, such as in V2X applications, the battery 330 may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery.

In some implementations, the battery 330 may be a “smart battery,” which includes or is coupled with a Battery Management System (BMS) or battery monitoring integrated circuitry. The BMS may be included in the platform 300 to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the battery 330. The BMS may be used to monitor other parameters of the battery 330 to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (SoH) and the state of function (SoF) of the battery 330. The BMS may communicate the information of the battery 330 to the application circuitry 305 or other components of the platform 300. The BMS may also include an analog-to-digital (ADC) convertor that allows the application circuitry 305 to directly monitor the voltage of the battery 330 or the current flow from the battery 330. The battery parameters may be used to determine actions that the platform 300 may perform, such as transmission frequency, network operation, sensing frequency, and the like.

A power block, or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid may be coupled with the BMS to charge the battery 330. In some examples, the power block 330 may be replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in the computer platform 300. In these examples, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the BMS. The specific charging circuits chosen may depend on the size of the battery 330, and thus, the current required. The charging may be performed using the Airfuel standard promulgated by the Airfuel Alliance, the Qi wireless charging standard promulgated by the Wireless Power Consortium, or the Rezence charging standard promulgated by the Alliance for Wireless Power, among others.

User interface circuitry 350 includes various input/output (I/O) devices present within, or connected to, the platform 300, and includes one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the platform 300 and/or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the platform 300. The user interface circuitry 350 includes input device circuitry and output device circuitry. Input device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for accepting an input including, inter alia, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), a physical keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, microphones, scanner, headset, and/or the like. The output device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for showing information or otherwise conveying information, such as sensor readings, actuator position(s), or other like information. Output device circuitry may include any number and/or combinations of audio or visual display, including, inter alia, one or more simple visual outputs/indicators (e.g., binary status indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)) and multi-character visual outputs, or more complex outputs such as display devices or touchscreens (e.g., Liquid Chrystal Displays (LCD), LED displays, quantum dot displays, projectors, etc.), with the output of characters, graphics, multimedia objects, and the like being generated or produced from the operation of the platform 300. The output device circuitry may also include speakers or other audio emitting devices, printer(s), and/or the like. In some embodiments, the sensor circuitry 321 may be used as the input device circuitry (e.g., an image capture device, motion capture device, or the like) and one or more EMCs may be used as the output device circuitry (e.g., an actuator to provide haptic feedback or the like). In another example, NFC circuitry comprising an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processing device may be included to read electronic tags and/or connect with another NFC-enabled device. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a USB port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc.

Although not shown, the components of platform 300 may communicate with one another using a suitable bus or interconnect (IX) technology, which may include any number of technologies, including ISA, EISA, PCI, PCIx, PCIe, a Time-Trigger Protocol (TTP) system, a FlexRay system, or any number of other technologies. The bus/IX may be a proprietary bus/IX, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus/IX systems may be included, such as an I2C interface, an SPI interface, point-to-point interfaces, and a power bus, among others.

FIG. 4 illustrates example components of baseband circuitry 410 and radio front end modules (RFEM) 415 in accordance with various embodiments. The baseband circuitry 410 corresponds to the baseband circuitry 310 of FIG. 3 . The RFEM 415 corresponds to the RFEM 315 of FIG. 3 . As shown, the RFEMs 415 may include Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 406, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 408, antenna array 411 coupled together at least as shown.

The baseband circuitry 410 includes circuitry and/or control logic configured to carry out various radio/network protocol and radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry 406. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 410 may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 410 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments. The baseband circuitry 410 is configured to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 406 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 406. The baseband circuitry 410 is configured to interface with application circuitry 305 (see FIG. 3 ) for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 406. The baseband circuitry 410 may handle various radio control functions.

The aforementioned circuitry and/or control logic of the baseband circuitry 410 may include one or more single or multi-core processors. For example, the one or more processors may include a 3G baseband processor 404A, a 4G/LTE baseband processor 404B, a 5G/NR baseband processor 404C, or some other baseband processor(s) 404D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., sixth generation (6G), etc.). In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 404A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory 404G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 404E. In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 404A-D may be provided as hardware accelerators (e.g., FPGAs, ASICs, etc.) loaded with the appropriate bit streams or logic blocks stored in respective memory cells. In various embodiments, the memory 404G may store program code of a real-time OS (RTOS), which when executed by the CPU 404E (or other baseband processor), is to cause the CPU 404E (or other baseband processor) to manage resources of the baseband circuitry 410, schedule tasks, etc. Examples of the RTOS may include Operating System Embedded (OSE)™ provided by Enea®, Nucleus RTOS™ provided by Mentor Graphics®, Versatile Real-Time Executive (VRTX) provided by Mentor Graphics®, ThreadX™ provided by Express Logic®, FreeRTOS, REX OS provided by Qualcomm®, OKL4 provided by Open Kernel (OK) Labs®, or any other suitable RTOS, such as those discussed herein. In addition, the baseband circuitry 410 includes one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP) 404F. The audio DSP(s) 404F include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments.

In some embodiments, each of the processors 404A-404E include respective memory interfaces to send/receive data to/from the memory 404G. The baseband circuitry 410 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as an interface to send/receive data to/from memory external to the baseband circuitry 410; an application circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from the application circuitry 305 of FIG. 3 ); an RF circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from RF circuitry 406 of FIG. 4 ; a wireless hardware connectivity interface to send/receive data to/from one or more wireless hardware elements (e.g., Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth®/Bluetooth® Low Energy components, Wi-Fi® components, and/or the like); and a power management interface to send/receive power or control signals to/from the PMIC 325.

In alternate embodiments (which may be combined with the above described embodiments), baseband circuitry 410 comprises one or more digital baseband systems, which are coupled with one another via an interconnect subsystem and to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface and a mixed-signal baseband subsystem via another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, and/or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio subsystem may include DSP circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of amplifiers and filters, and/or other like components. In an aspect of the present disclosure, baseband circuitry 410 may include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry and/or radio frequency circuitry (e.g., the radio front end modules 415).

Although not shown by FIG. 4 , in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 410 includes individual processing device(s) to operate one or more wireless communication protocols (e.g., a “multi-protocol baseband processor” or “protocol processing circuitry”) and individual processing device(s) to implement PHY layer functions. In these embodiments, the PHY layer functions include the aforementioned radio control functions. In these embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry operates or implements various protocol layers/entities of one or more wireless communication protocols. In a first example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate LTE protocol entities and/or 5G/NR protocol entities when the baseband circuitry 410 and/or RF circuitry 406 are part of mmWave communication circuitry or some other suitable cellular communication circuitry. In the first example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate MAC, RLC, PDCP, SDAP, RRC, and NAS functions. In a second example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate one or more IEEE-based protocols when the baseband circuitry 410 and/or RF circuitry 406 are part of a Wi-Fi communication system. In the second example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate Wi-Fi MAC and logical link control (LLC) functions. The protocol processing circuitry may include one or more memory structures (e.g., 404G) to store program code and data for operating the protocol functions, as well as one or more processing cores to execute the program code and perform various operations using the data. The baseband circuitry 410 may also support radio communications for more than one wireless protocol.

The various hardware elements of the baseband circuitry 410 discussed herein may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits (ICs), a single packaged IC soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more ICs. In one example, the components of the baseband circuitry 410 may be suitably combined in a single chip or chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board. In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 410 and RF circuitry 406 may be implemented together such as, for example, a system on a chip (SoC) or System-in-Package (SiP). In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 410 may be implemented as a separate SoC that is communicatively coupled with and RF circuitry 406 (or multiple instances of RF circuitry 406). In yet another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 410 and the application circuitry 305 may be implemented together as individual SoCs mounted to a same circuit board (e.g., a “multi-chip package”).

In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 410 may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 410 may support communication with an E-UTRAN or other WMAN, a WLAN, a WPAN. Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 410 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

RF circuitry 406 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 406 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. To facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry 406 may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 408 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 410. RF circuitry 406 may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 410 and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 408 for transmission.

In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry 406 may include mixer circuitry 406 a, amplifier circuitry 406 b and filter circuitry 406 c. In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 406 may include filter circuitry 406 c and mixer circuitry 406 a. RF circuitry 406 may also include synthesizer circuitry 406 d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 406 a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 406 a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 408 based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 406 d. The amplifier circuitry 406 b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 406 c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 410 for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 406 a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 406 a of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 406 d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 408. The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 410 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 406 c.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 406 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 406 a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 406 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 406 a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 406 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 406 a of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 406 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 406 a of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation.

In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry 406 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry 410 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry 406.

In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 406 d may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 406 d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

The synthesizer circuitry 406 d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 406 a of the RF circuitry 406 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 406 d may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer.

In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 410 or the application circuitry 305 depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application circuitry 305.

Synthesizer circuitry 406 d of the RF circuitry 406 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 406 d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 406 may include an IQ/polar converter.

FEM circuitry 408 may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from antenna array 411, amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 406 for further processing. FEM circuitry 408 may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 406 for transmission by one or more of antenna elements of antenna array 411. In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry 406, solely in the FEM circuitry 408, or in both the RF circuitry 406 and the FEM circuitry 408.

In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 408 may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry 408 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 408 may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 406). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 408 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 406), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission by one or more antenna elements of the antenna array 411.

The antenna array 411 comprises one or more antenna elements, each of which is configured convert electrical signals into radio waves to travel through the air and to convert received radio waves into electrical signals. For example, digital baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 410 is converted into analog RF signals (e.g., modulated waveform) that will be amplified and transmitted via the antenna elements of the antenna array 411 including one or more antenna elements (not shown). The antenna elements may be omnidirectional, direction, or a combination thereof. The antenna elements may be formed in a multitude of arranges as are known and/or discussed herein. The antenna array 411 may comprise microstrip antennas or printed antennas that are fabricated on the surface of one or more printed circuit boards. The antenna array 411 may be formed in as a patch of metal foil (e.g., a patch antenna) in a variety of shapes, and may be coupled with the RF circuitry 406 and/or FEM circuitry 408 using metal transmission lines or the like.

Processors of the application circuitry 305 and processors of the baseband circuitry 410 may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry 410, alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry 305 may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., TCP and UDP layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a RRC layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a MAC layer, an RLC layer, and a PDCP layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a PHY layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail below.

As core networks and RAN are becoming increasingly virtualized, new services are features are able to be launched quickly. The UE-side, however, is limited by modem chipsets despite the UE being a powerful computer in its own right. New information elements and new over-the-air (OTA) features are often not able to be supported by existing UEs; instead these new elements and features may introduce interoperability issues. The result is that carrier and infrastructure providers are hesitant to support or release new features that may benefit the UE or the user experience.

This disclosure describes a methods and devices to allow a UE to communicate with a RAN to tune radio or network resources to facilitate the UE's ability to access new application services and features. Embodiments include the use of soft signaling between the UE and the network to communicate large size signaling packets. Soft signaling includes the exchange of information using TCP/IP based mechanisms, such as HTTP or Websocket. For example, for a UE to communicate its capabilities, the UE needs a very large packet to carry its UE capability information. When the packet size is larger than the cell container size, the base station cannot decode the UE capability correctly. UEs also may need on-time measurement reporting to have optimized beam management and handover. But frequent transmissions of measurement reports mean an increase in signaling load, and the cell has to balance between better performance and signaling load. The UE can transmit measurement reports in HTTP messages to improve performance without additional signal load. Other examples include reporting delay budget to help the network tune connected mode DRX (CDRX) and providing thermal/overheating information to tune bandwidth or reduce assignment.

The use of soft signaling can also allow the UE to request one or more network resources with high specificity and granularity to meet the demands of the application service. The soft signaling approach can provide more flexibility for configuring or tuning the dedicated bearer for latency-sensitive applications and allow for diversity in the service requirements because of the granularity that is achievable in the soft signaling resource requests.

FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of an example network 500 that includes a user equipment, a network exposure function (NEF), and a radio access network (RAN) in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. Within the network 500 is a RAN 510 that can communicate with a user equipment (UE) 502 over a cellular network, such as a cellular network that is based on a Long Term Evolution or New Radio protocol.

The network 500 can also include a core network 512 that can support a network exposure function (NEF) 514. The NEF 514 is a functional element that can securely expose network capabilities and events provided by a RAN network functions to application functions (AF). The NEF 514 provides a way for the AF to securely provide information to the RAN and may authenticate, authorize, and assist in throttling the AF. The NEF 514 can translate the information received from the AF to the one sent to internal RAN network functions, and vice versa. The NEF 514 exposes information (collected from other 3GPP NFs) to the AF and supports a packet flow description (PFD) function that allows the AF to provision PFD(s) and may store and retrieve PFD(s) in the Unified Data Repository (UDR). The NEF 514 also provisions PFD(s) to the session management function (SMF) 516. SMF 516 is similar to SMF 224 described above. A specific NEF instance may support one or more of the functionalities described above and consequently an individual NEF may support a subset of the APIs specified for capability exposure.

The UE 502 can include a baseband processor 504, which is similar to baseband circuitry 310, 410 described above. The UE also include soft signaling logic 506 to transmit, receive, process, and encode soft signaling messages. Soft signaling logic 506 can include hardware and/or software to encode Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or Websocket messages, process HTTP or Websocket messages, and transmit/receive HTTP or Websocket messages. HTTP or Websocket can be used as the transport layer protocol for soft signaling messages. In some embodiments, soft signaling logic include transport control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) logic. In some embodiments, the soft signaling logic can support N33 signaling protocols for HTTP-based signaling. The NEF 514 can exchange soft signaling messages with the UE 502 using the soft signaling logic 506.

The NEF 514 can communicate information contained in HTTP messages exchanged with the UE to the RAN 510 through the SMF 516 and AMF 518. The SMF 516 and/or AMF 518 can act as an interface between the NEF 514 and the RAN 510. In one example, a UE can communicate, via an HTTP message, a request for specific network resources to be able to access and use an application service to the NEF 514. The NEF 514 can translate the request and forward the request for network resources to the RAN 510 through the SMF 516 and AMF 518.

FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of an example network 520 that includes a user equipment, a network exposure function (NEF), and an open radio access network (O-RAN) in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. In this example embodiment, the RAN is an open RAN (O-RAN) 522. O-RAN 522 can include a non-real-time RAN intelligent controller (non-RT MC) 524. The non-RT MC 524 is an orchestration and automation function for non-real-time intelligent management of RAN (Radio Access Network) functions. The primary purpose of the non-RT MC 524 is to support non-real-time radio resource management, higher layer procedure optimization, and policy optimization in RAN. Non-RT MC 524 functions include service and policy management, and RAN analytics.

In this example embodiments, the UE 502 can connect to the NEF 514 using TCP/IP protocols or similar protocols for soft signaling. The NEF 514 can open an interface to the O-RAN through the non-RT MC 524. The O-RAN can then communicate with the UE 502 using cellular protocols. In some embodiments, the UE 502 can also communicate soft signaling using TCP/IP protocols directly with the non-RT MC 524.

FIG. 6 is a message flow diagram 600 illustrating message flows and processes for a user equipment (UE) 502 to exchange informational updates with a network entity to reconfigure network resources using soft signaling in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. In this example, the network entity can be a NEF 514 or a RIC 524. At the outset a radio bearer (or dedicated radio bearer) is established between the UE 502 and the RAN (e.g., RAN 512 or O-RAN 522). Prior to performing soft signaling, the network entity authenticates the UE 502 for soft signaling (602) and performs key management procedures (604). The network can distribute keys to the UE 502 for soft signaling in advance, such as when the UE 502 registers with the network or with specific applications or services. The authentication procedure can be any type of authentication procedure that is used between remote devices and services, such key-based authentication, encryption algorithms, etc. The specific methodology for authentication is outside the scope of this disclosure. The result of authenticating the UE 502, however, is that the network can begin provisioning services and applications that the UE 502 is authorized to access and use (606). For example, the UE 502 can be associated with a profile that lists the application services that the UE is authorized to access and use. In addition, the profile can identify QoS and QoE parameters and other metrics that the UE 502 can use when accessing and using the application services. The provisioning will allow the UE 502 access to some or all of the soft signaling functions, based on the UE's profile.

After the UE 502 is authorized by the network to perform soft signaling and the services and applications are provisioned, the UE can use soft signaling to communicate with the network entity. Soft signaling messages are carried by HTTP. The messages can carry latency, application state, cell load, or other useful information. In the example of FIG. 6 , the UE 502 is providing UE capability information to the network entity using a soft signaling report (608). The network element can send a soft signaling response back to the UE 502 in response, such as an ACK/NAK type message (610). The network element can send the UE capability information to the RAN (612). If appropriate, the RAN can tune the established bearer based on the UE capability report using an RRC connection reconfigure message or other air interface configure message (614). The UE can send other reports to the network element, such as measurement reports (616) and UE assistance reports (618). The RAN can further tune the radio bearer as needed or appropriate based on the soft signaling reports.

FIG. 7 is a message flow diagram 700 illustrating message flows and processes for a user equipment to configure low latency quality of experience for using a service application using soft signaling in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The authentication procedure shown in FIG. 7 is the same as that described above for FIG. 6 . In the example of FIG. 7 , the UE 502 is making a Quality of Experience (QoE) request to the network using soft signaling. To do so, the UE 502 can send a soft signaling request message encoded in an HTTP message to the network element. The HTTP message can include a QoE request field that is parsed by the network element. If the radio frequency conditions and cell load can support the requested QoE service, the network element can send a soft signaling response message (e.g., ACK/NAK message) to the UE 502 (710). The network element can communicate with the RAN to determine whether the QoE service requested is available. The network element can send the requested QoE information to the RAN (712). Based on the UE request, the RAN can send an RRC connection reconfigure message to the UE to tune the established bearer (714). The UE can continue to send soft signaling report messages to report on the measured latency or other metrics (716 a-n), and the network or RAN can continue to tune the bearer and resource usage and schedule to fit the application requirements. In some embodiments, Websocket can be used to make periodic reports. Latency can be from the application reports or other measurement methods (e.g., TWAMP). The network has a radio link reconfigure to reduce latency, especially on the uplink side.

FIG. 8 is a message flow diagram illustrating message flows and processes for a user equipment to exchange application state and network state updates with a network entity using soft signaling in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. In this example, the network entity can be a NEF 514 or a RIC 524. At the outset a radio bearer (or dedicated radio bearer) is established between the UE 502 and the RAN (e.g., RAN 512 or O-RAN 522). The authentication procedure shown in FIG. 8 is the same as that described above for FIG. 6 .

In the example of FIG. 8 , the UE 502 sends an application state request using soft signaling by encoding an application state request in an HTTP message to the network element (808). If the radio frequency conditions and cell load can support the requested QoE service, the network element can send a soft signaling response message (e.g., ACK/NAK message) to the UE 502 (810). The network element can communicate with the RAN to determine whether the QoE service requested is available. The network element can send the requested QoE information to the RAN (812). Based on the UE request, the RAN can send an RRC connection reconfigure message to the UE to tune the established bearer (814). The network element can send soft signaling report messages to the UE 502 to report on cell load or other metrics (816). The UE can send application state reports using soft signaling back to the network element (818), and the network or RAN can continue to tune the bearer and resource usage and schedule to fit the application requirements. In some embodiments, the RAN can use the reports to release the resources (820), such as in cases where the UE ceases to use the application service or if the UE's reports indicate that the UE can no longer support the one or more network resources required by the application service to continue.

The following pseudocode represents an example soft signaling message to report on UE capability, encoded in HTTP compliant formatting:

Message:

HTTP POST /3gpp-uecapability/v1/subscriptions/HTTP/1.1 (application/json)

Message Format:

Internet Protocol Version 4, Src: 10.xx.xx.xx, Dst: 10.xx.xx.xx. (IP header)

Transmission Control Protocol, Src Port: 50636, Dst Port: 8080, Seq: 558, Ack: 1, Len: 291. (TCP header)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol. (HTTP headers)

POST: /3gpp-uecapability/v1/sclab-test/subscriptions/HTTP/1.1\r\n

Host: 10.xx.xx.xx:8080\r\n

Content-Type: application/json\r

Accept: application/json\r\n

Accept-Language: en-us\r\n

Accept-Encoding: gzip\r\n

Content-Length: 291\r\n

JavaScript Object Notation: application/json

Object

Member Key: uecapability (soft signaling message)/authentication

The foregoing is provided for example purposes only. Other formatting protocol compliance can be used without deviating from the scope of this disclosure.

FIG. 9 illustrates various protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device according to various embodiments. In particular, FIG. 9 includes an arrangement 900 showing interconnections between various protocol layers/entities. The following description of FIG. 9 is provided for various protocol layers/entities that operate in conjunction with the 5G/NR system standards and LTE system standards, but some or all of the aspects of FIG. 9 may be applicable to other wireless communication network systems as well.

The protocol layers of arrangement 900 may include one or more of PHY 910, MAC 920, RLC 930, PDCP 940, SDAP 947, RRC 955, and NAS layer 957, in addition to other higher layer functions not illustrated. The protocol layers may include one or more service access points (e.g., items 959, 956, 950, 949, 945, 935, 925, and 915 in FIG. 9 ) that may provide communication between two or more protocol layers.

The PHY 910 may transmit and receive physical layer signals 905 that may be received from or transmitted to one or more other communication devices. The physical layer signals 905 may comprise one or more physical channels, such as those discussed herein. The PHY 910 may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC 955. The PHY 910 may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. In embodiments, an instance of PHY 910 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of MAC 920 via one or more PHY-SAP 915. According to some embodiments, requests and indications communicated via PHY-SAP 915 may comprise one or more transport channels.

Instance(s) of MAC 920 may process requests from, and provide indications to, an instance of RLC 930 via one or more MAC-SAPs 925. These requests and indications communicated via the MAC-SAP 925 may comprise one or more logical channels. The MAC 920 may perform mapping between the logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or more logical channels onto TBs to be delivered to PHY 910 via the transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from TBs delivered from the PHY 910 via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, and logical channel prioritization.

Instance(s) of RLC 930 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of PDCP 940 via one or more radio link control service access points (RLC-SAP) 935. These requests and indications communicated via RLC-SAP 935 may comprise one or more RLC channels. The RLC 930 may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC 930 may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC 930 may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment.

Instance(s) of PDCP 940 may process requests from and provide indications to instance(s) of RRC 955 and/or instance(s) of SDAP 947 via one or more packet data convergence protocol service access points (PDCP-SAP) 945. These requests and indications communicated via PDCP-SAP 945 may comprise one or more radio bearers. The PDCP 940 may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.).

Instance(s) of SDAP 947 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more higher layer protocol entities via one or more SDAP-SAP 949. These requests and indications communicated via SDAP-SAP 949 may comprise one or more QoS flows. The SDAP 947 may map QoS flows to DRBs, and vice versa, and may also mark QFIs in DL and UL packets. A single SDAP entity 947 may be configured for an individual PDU session. In the UL direction, the NG-RAN 110 may control the mapping of QoS Flows to DRB(s) in two different ways, reflective mapping or explicit mapping. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 947 of a UE 101 may monitor the QFIs of the DL packets for each DRB, and may apply the same mapping for packets flowing in the UL direction. For a DRB, the SDAP 947 of the UE 101 may map the UL packets belonging to the QoS flows(s) corresponding to the QoS flow ID(s) and PDU session observed in the DL packets for that DRB. To enable reflective mapping, the NG-RAN 210 may mark DL packets over the Uu interface with a QoS flow ID. The explicit mapping may involve the RRC 955 configuring the SDAP 947 with an explicit QoS flow to DRB mapping rule, which may be stored and followed by the SDAP 947. In embodiments, the SDAP 947 may only be used in NR implementations and may not be used in LTE implementations.

The RRC 955 may configure, via one or more management service access points (M-SAP), aspects of one or more protocol layers, which may include one or more instances of PHY 910, MAC 920, RLC 930, PDCP 940 and SDAP 947. In embodiments, an instance of RRC 955 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more NAS entities 957 via one or more RRC-SAPs 956. The main services and functions of the RRC 955 may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in MIBs or SIBs related to the NAS), broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE 101 and RAN 110 (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more IEs, which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures.

The NAS 957 may form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE 101 and the AMF 221. The NAS 957 may support the mobility of the UEs 101 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 101 and a packet data network gateway (P-GW) in LTE systems.

According to various embodiments, one or more protocol entities of arrangement 900 may be implemented in UEs 101, RAN nodes 111, AMF 221 in NR implementations or MME in LTE implementations, UPF 202 in NR implementations or S-GW and P-GW in LTE implementations, or the like to be used for control plane or user plane communications protocol stack between the aforementioned devices. In such embodiments, one or more protocol entities that may be implemented in one or more of UE 101, gNB 111, AMF 221, etc. May communicate with a respective peer protocol entity that may be implemented in or on another device using the services of respective lower layer protocol entities to perform such communication. In some embodiments, a gNB-CU of the gNB 111 may host the RRC 955, SDAP 947, and PDCP 940 of the gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-DUs, and the gNB-DUs of the gNB 111 may each host the RLC 930, MAC 920, and PHY 910 of the gNB 111.

In a first example, a control plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, NAS 957, RRC 955, PDCP 940, RLC 930, MAC 920, and PHY 910. In this example, upper layers 960 may be built on top of the NAS 957, which includes an IP layer 961, an SCTP 962, and an application layer signaling protocol (AP) 963.

In NR implementations, the AP 963 may be an NG application protocol layer (NGAP or NG-AP) 963 for the NG interface 113 defined between the NG-RAN node 111 and the AMF 221, or the AP 963 may be an Xn application protocol layer (XnAP or Xn-AP) 963 for the Xn interface 112 that is defined between two or more RAN nodes 111.

The NG-AP 963 may support the functions of the NG interface 113 and may comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs). An NG-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the NG-RAN node 111 and the AMF 221. The NG-AP 963 services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services (e.g., services related to a UE 101) and non-UE-associated services (e.g., services related to the whole NG interface instance between the NG-RAN node 111 and AMF 221). These services may include functions including, but not limited to: a paging function for the sending of paging requests to NG-RAN nodes 111 involved in a particular paging area; a UE context management function for allowing the AMF 221 to establish, modify, and/or release a UE context in the AMF 221 and the NG-RAN node 111; a mobility function for UEs 101 in ECM-CONNECTED mode for intra-system HOs to support mobility within NG-RAN and inter-system HOs to support mobility from/to EPS systems; a NAS Signaling Transport function for transporting or rerouting NAS messages between UE 101 and AMF 221; a NAS node selection function for determining an association between the AMF 221 and the UE 101; NG interface management function(s) for setting up the NG interface and monitoring for errors over the NG interface; a warning message transmission function for providing means to transfer warning messages via NG interface or cancel ongoing broadcast of warning messages; a Configuration Transfer function for requesting and transferring of RAN configuration information (e.g., SON information, performance measurement (PM) data, etc.) between two RAN nodes 111 via CN 120; and/or other like functions.

The XnAP 963 may support the functions of the Xn interface 112 and may comprise XnAP basic mobility procedures and XnAP global procedures. The XnAP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the NG RAN 111 (or E-UTRAN), such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The XnAP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE 101, such as Xn interface setup and reset procedures, NG-RAN update procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like.

In LTE implementations, the AP 963 may be an S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP) 963 for the S1 interface 113 defined between an E-UTRAN node 111 and an MME, or the AP 963 may be an X2 application protocol layer (X2AP or X2-AP) 963 for the X2 interface 112 that is defined between two or more E-UTRAN nodes 111.

The S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP) 963 may support the functions of the S1 interface, and similar to the NG-AP discussed previously, the S1-AP may comprise S1-AP EPs. An S1-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the E-UTRAN node 111 and an MME within an LTE CN 120. The S1-AP 963 services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer.

The X2AP 963 may support the functions of the X2 interface 112 and may comprise X2AP basic mobility procedures and X2AP global procedures. The X2AP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the E-UTRAN 120, such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The X2AP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE 101, such as X2 interface setup and reset procedures, load indication procedures, error indication procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like.

The SCTP layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP/IP layer) 962 may provide guaranteed delivery of application layer messages (e.g., NGAP or XnAP messages in NR implementations, or S1-AP or X2AP messages in LTE implementations). The SCTP 962 may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node 111 and the AMF 221/MIME based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP 961. The Internet Protocol layer (IP) 961 may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. In some implementations the IP layer 961 may use point-to-point transmission to deliver and convey PDUs. In this regard, the RAN node 111 may comprise L2 and L1 layer communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) with the MME/AMF to exchange information.

In a second example, a user plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, SDAP 947, PDCP 940, RLC 930, MAC 920, and PHY 910. The user plane protocol stack may be used for communication between the UE 101, the RAN node 111, and UPF 202 in NR implementations or an S-GW and P-GW in LTE implementations. In this example, upper layers 951 may be built on top of the SDAP 947, and may include a user datagram protocol (UDP) and IP security layer (UDP/IP) 952, a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane layer (GTP-U) 953, and a User Plane PDU layer (UP PDU) 963.

The transport network layer 954 (also referred to as a “transport layer”) may be built on IP transport, and the GTP-U 953 may be used on top of the UDP/IP layer 952 (comprising a UDP layer and IP layer) to carry user plane PDUs (UP-PDUs). The IP layer (also referred to as the “Internet layer”) may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. The IP layer may assign IP addresses to user data packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example.

The GTP-U 953 may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP/IP 952 may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node 111 and the S-GW may utilize an S1-U interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer (e.g., PHY 910), an L2 layer (e.g., MAC 920, RLC 930, PDCP 940, and/or SDAP 947), the UDP/IP layer 952, and the GTP-U 953. The S-GW and the P-GW may utilize an S5/S8a interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer, an L2 layer, the UDP/IP layer 952, and the GTP-U 953. As discussed previously, NAS protocols may support the mobility of the UE 101 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 101 and the P-GW.

Moreover, although not shown by FIG. 9 , an application layer may be present above the AP 963 and/or the transport network layer 954. The application layer may be a layer in which a user of the UE 101, RAN node 111, or other network element interacts with software applications being executed, for example, by application circuitry 305 or application circuitry 305, respectively. The application layer may also provide one or more interfaces for software applications to interact with communications systems of the UE 101 or RAN node 111, such as the baseband circuitry 410. In some implementations the IP layer and/or the application layer may provide the same or similar functionality as layers 5-7, or portions thereof, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (e.g., OSI Layer 7—the application layer, OSI Layer 6—the presentation layer, and OSI Layer 5—the session layer).

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, of a system 1000 to support NFV. The system 1000 is illustrated as including a VIM 1002, an NFVI 1004, an VNFM 1006, VNFs 1008, an EM 1010, an NFVO 1012, and a NM 1014.

The VIM 1002 manages the resources of the NFVI 1004. The NFVI 1004 can include physical or virtual resources and applications (including hypervisors) used to execute the system 1000. The VIM 1002 may manage the life cycle of virtual resources with the NFVI 1004 (e.g., creation, maintenance, and tear down of VMs associated with one or more physical resources), track VM instances, track performance, fault and security of VM instances and associated physical resources, and expose VM instances and associated physical resources to other management systems.

The VNFM 1006 may manage the VNFs 1008. The VNFs 1008 may be used to execute EPC components/functions. The VNFM 1006 may manage the life cycle of the VNFs 1008 and track performance, fault and security of the virtual aspects of VNFs 1008. The EM 1010 may track the performance, fault and security of the functional aspects of VNFs 1008. The tracking data from the VNFM 1006 and the EM 1010 may comprise, for example, PM data used by the VIM 1002 or the NFVI 1004. Both the VNFM 1006 and the EM 1010 can scale up/down the quantity of VNFs of the system 1000.

The NFVO 1012 may coordinate, authorize, release and engage resources of the NFVI 1004 in order to provide the requested service (e.g., to execute an EPC function, component, or slice). The NM 1014 may provide a package of end-user functions with the responsibility for the management of a network, which may include network elements with VNFs, non-virtualized network functions, or both (management of the VNFs may occur via the EM 1010).

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically, FIG. 11 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources 1100 including one or more processors (or processor cores) 1110, one or more memory/storage devices 1120, and one or more communication resources 1130, each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus 1140. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 1102 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources 1100.

The processors 1110 may include, for example, a processor 1112 and a processor 1114. The processor(s) 1110 may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof.

Reference in the specification to “an embodiment,” “one embodiment” “some embodiments,” or “other embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least some embodiments, but not necessarily all embodiments. The various appearances of “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” or “some embodiments” are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiments. If the specification states a component, feature, structure, or characteristic “may,” “might,” or “could” be included, that particular component, feature, structure, or characteristic is not required to be included. if the specification or claim refers to “a” or “an” element, that does not mean there is only one of the elements. if the specification or claims refer to “an additional” element, that does not preclude there being more than one of the additional element.

Furthermore, the particular features, structures, functions, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. For example, a first embodiment may be combined with a second embodiment anywhere the particular features, structures, functions, or characteristics associated with the two embodiments are not mutually exclusive.

While the disclosure has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, many alternatives, modifications and variations of such embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the foregoing description. For example, other memory architectures e.g., Dynamic RAM (DRAM) may use the embodiments discussed. The embodiments of the disclosure are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as to fall within the broad scope of the appended claims.

In addition, well known power/ground connections to integrated circuit (IC) chips and other components may or may not be shown within the presented figures, for simplicity of illustration and discussion, and so as not to obscure the disclosure. Further, arrangements may be shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the disclosure, and also in view of the fact that specifics with respect to implementation of such block diagram arrangements are highly dependent upon the platform within which the present disclosure is to be implemented (i.e., such specifics should be well within purview of one skilled in the art). Where specific details (e.g., circuits) are set forth in order to describe example embodiments of the disclosure, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the disclosure can be practiced without, or with variation of, these specific details. The description is thus to be regarded as illustrative instead of limiting.

The following examples pertain to further embodiments. Specifics in the examples may be used anywhere in one or more embodiments. All optional features of the apparatus described herein may also be implemented with respect to a method or process.

Example 1 is a method performed by a user equipment (UE), the method including identifying a network resource for the UE to use to access an application service; encoding a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) message with a request for the network resource; transmitting the HTTP message to a network entity using a transport layer protocol; receiving an acknowledgement HTTP message to acknowledge the request for the network resource; receiving a radio resource control (RRC) message to configure a radio channel based on the network resource; and accessing the application service using the radio channel.

Example 2 may include the subject matter of example 1, wherein the RRC message includes an RRC connection reconfigure message.

Example 3 may include the subject matter of any of examples 1 or 2, wherein the HTTP message includes a Quality of Experience (QoE) request field, the QoE field encoded with the network resource.

Example 4 may include the subject matter of any of examples 1-3, including performing an authentication procedure with the network entity prior to transmitting the HTTP message.

Example 5 may include the subject matter of example 4, including receiving an authentication key for authenticating the UE to use the application service; using the authentication key for the authentication procedure.

Example 6 may include the subject matter of any of examples 1-5, including receiving an indication of available services for the UE from the network entity.

Example 7 may include the subject matter of any of examples 1-6, wherein the network resource includes one or more of latency, cell load, application state, bandwidth, jitter tolerance, quality of service, or quality of experience.

Example 8 may include the subject matter of any of examples 1-7, further including measuring a network resource metric; encoding a reporting HTTP message with the measured network resource metric; and transmitting the reporting HTTP message to the network entity.

Example 9 is a user equipment (UE), including radio frequency (RF) circuitry; and baseband circuitry coupled to the RF circuitry. The baseband circuitry is to identify a network resource for the UE to use to access an application service; encode a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) message with a request for the network resource; transmit the HTTP message to a network entity using a transport layer protocol; receive an acknowledgement HTTP message to acknowledge the request for the network resource; receive a radio resource control (RRC) message to configure a radio channel based on the network resource; and access the application service using the radio channel.

Example 10 may include the subject matter of example 9, wherein the RRC message includes an RRC connection reconfigure message.

Example 11 may include the subject matter of any of examples 9-10, wherein the HTTP message includes a Quality of Experience (QoE) request field, the QoE field encoded with the network resource.

Example 12 may include the subject matter of any of examples 9-11, the baseband circuitry to perform an authentication procedure with the network entity prior to transmitting the HTTP message.

Example 13 may include the subject matter of example 12, the baseband circuitry to receive an authentication key for authenticating the UE to use the application service; use the authentication key for the authentication procedure.

Example 14 may include the subject matter of any of examples 9-13, the baseband circuitry to receive an indication of available services for the UE from the network entity.

Example 15 may include the subject matter of any of examples 9-14, wherein the network resource includes one or more of latency, cell load, application state, bandwidth, jitter tolerance, quality of service, or quality of experience.

Example 16 may include the subject matter of any of examples 9-15, the baseband circuitry to measure a network resource metric; encode a reporting HTTP message with the measured network resource metric; and transmit the reporting HTTP message to the network entity.

Example 17 is a baseband processor for a user equipment (UE), the processor including processing circuitry to execute one or more instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform operations including identifying a network resource for the UE to use to access an application service; and encoding a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) message with a request for the network resource; and communication circuitry to execute one or more instructions that, when executed cause the baseband processor to perform operations including transmitting the HTTP message to a network entity using a transport layer protocol; receiving an acknowledgement HTTP message to acknowledge the request for the network resource; receiving a radio resource control (RRC) message to configure a radio channel based on the network resource; and accessing the application service using the radio channel.

Example 18 may include the subject matter of example 17, wherein the processing circuitry to execute one or more instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform operations including measuring a network resource metric, and encoding a reporting HTTP message with the measured network resource metric; and the communications circuitry to execute one or more instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform operations including transmitting the reporting HTTP message to the network entity.

Example 19 may include the subject matter of any of examples 17-18, wherein the network resource includes one or more of latency, cell load, application state, bandwidth, jitter tolerance, quality of service, or quality of experience.

Example 20 may include the subject matter of any of examples 17-19, wherein the RRC message includes an RRC connection reconfigure message.

Example 21 is a method performed by a network entity, the method including authenticating a user equipment (UE) to have access to an application service; receiving a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) message from the user equipment, the HTTP message including a request for a network resource for the UE to use the application service; determining that the network resource is available for the UE; provisioning the network resource for the UE; and transmitting a radio resource control (RRC) configuration message to the UE to establish a radio bearer with the UE using the network resource.

Example 22 may include the subject matter of example 21, wherein the network entity includes a network exposure function (NEF) or a radio access network intelligent controller (RIC).

Example 23 may include the subject matter of any of examples 21-22, and further including determining a profile for the UE; identifying, based on the profile, one or more application services available to the UE; and transmitting to the UE a list of available application services and a list of corresponding network resources for using the available application services using an HTTP message.

Example 24 may include the subject matter of any of examples 21-23, wherein determining that the network resource is available for the UE includes determining that a radio frequency (RF) condition or cell load can support the requested network resource.

Example 25 may include the subject matter of any of examples 21-24, further including, after determining that the network resource is available for the UE, transmitting an acknowledgement HTTP message to the UE confirming the request for the network resource.

Example 26 may include the subject matter of any of examples 21-25, further including receiving a reporting HTTP message from the UE, the reporting HTTP message including a measurement report, the measurement report including one or more of an application state, a latency time, a jitter measurement, a cell load measurement, or other measurement.

Example 27 may include the subject matter of example 26, further including sending an updating HTTP message to the UE, the updating HTTP message including an update to the network resource for the UE to access the application service.

Example 28 is a network entity including processing circuitry to execute one or more instructions that, when executed, cause the network entity to perform operations including authenticating a user equipment (UE) to have access to an application service; a network exposure function (NEF) to execute one or more instructions that, when executed, cause the network entity to perform operations including receiving a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) message from the user equipment, the HTTP message including a request for a network resource for the UE to use the application service, determining that the network resource is available for the UE, and provisioning the network resource for the UE; and communications circuitry to execute one or more instructions that, when executed, cause the network entity to perform operations including transmitting a radio resource control (RRC) configuration message to the UE to establish a radio bearer with the UE using the network resource.

Example 29 may include the subject matter of example 28, wherein the NEF to execute instructions to perform operations including determining a profile for the UE; identifying, based on the profile, one or more application services available to the UE; and the communications circuitry to execute instructions to perform operations including transmitting to the UE a list of available application services and a list of corresponding network resources for using the available application services.

Example 30 may include the subject matter of any of examples 28-29, wherein determining that the network resource is available for the UE includes determining that a radio frequency (RF) condition or cell load can support the requested network resource.

Example 31 may include the subject matter of any of examples 28-30, further including, after determining that the network resource is available for the UE, the NEF to execute instructions to perform operations including transmitting an acknowledgement HTTP message to the UE confirming the request for the network resource.

Example 32 may include the subject matter of any of examples 28-31, the NEF to receive a reporting HTTP message from the UE, the reporting HTTP message including a measurement report, the measurement report including one or more of an application state, a latency time, a jitter measurement, a cell load measurement, or other measurement.

Example 33 may include the subject matter of example 32, the NEF to execute instructions to perform operations including sending an updating HTTP message to the UE, the updating HTTP message including an update to the network resource for the UE to access the application service.

Example 34 is a system that includes a radio access network (RAN) element, the RAN element to execute one or more instructions that, when executed, cause the network entity to perform operations including authentication a user equipment (UE) to transmit and receive hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) messages to configure network resources for a connection between the UE and the RAN element to allow the UE to access an application service; and a core network including a network exposure function, the network exposure function to execute one or more instructions that, when executed, cause the network entity to perform operations including receiving a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) message from the user equipment, the HTTP message including a request for a network resource for the UE to use the application service, determining that the network resource is available for the UE, and provisioning the network resource for the UE; and the RAN element to execute one or more instructions that, when executed, cause the network entity to perform operations including transmitting to the UE a radio resource control (RRC) message to configure the connection between the UE and the RAN element based on the network resource.

Example 35 may include the subject matter of example 34, wherein the RAN element includes an Open RAN element.

Example 36 may include the subject matter of any of examples 34-35, wherein the O-RAN includes a non-real-time RAN Intelligent Controller (non-RT RIC), the non-RT RIC to communicate with the NEF.

Example 37 may include the subject matter of any of examples 34-36, further including a session management function to control session management between the NEF and the RAN element for the UE.

Example 38 may include the subject matter of example 37, further including a session management function (SMF) to interface with the NEF and an access and mobility management function (AMF to interface with the RAN.

Example 39 may include the subject matter of any of examples 34-38, wherein the NEF is to determine a profile for the UE; identify, based on the profile, one or more application services available to the UE; and the RAN is to transmit to the UE a list of available application services and a list of corresponding network resources for using the available application services using an HTTP message.

Example 40 may include the subject matter of any of examples 34-39, wherein determining that the network resource is available for the UE includes determining that a radio frequency (RF) condition or cell load can support the requested network resource.

Example 41 may include the subject matter of any of examples 34-40, further including, after determining that the network resource is available for the UE, the NEF is to transmit an acknowledgement HTTP message to the UE confirming the request for the network resource.

Example 42 may include the subject matter of any of examples 34-41, wherein the NEF is to receive a reporting HTTP message from the UE, the reporting HTTP message including a measurement report, the measurement report including one or more of an application state, a latency time, a jitter measurement, a cell load measurement, or other measurement.

Example 43 may include the subject matter of example 42, the NEF is to send an updating HTTP message to the UE, the updating HTTP message including an update to the network resource for the UE to access the application service.

The above examples are provided merely for purposes of summarizing some example embodiments of the invention so as to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the above described example embodiments are merely examples and should not be construed to narrow the scope or spirit of the invention in any way. Other embodiments, aspects, and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the described embodiments. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: identifying a network resource for the UE to use to access an application service; encoding a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) message with a request for the network resource; transmitting the HTTP message to a network entity using a transport layer protocol; receiving an acknowledgement HTTP message to acknowledge the request for the network resource; receiving a radio resource control (RRC) message to configure a radio channel based on the network resource; and accessing the application service using the radio channel.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the RRC message comprises an RRC connection reconfigure message.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the HTTP message comprises a Quality of Experience (QoE) request field, the QoE field encoded with the network resource.
 4. The method of claim 1, comprising performing an authentication procedure with the network entity prior to transmitting the HTTP message.
 5. The method of claim 4, comprising: receiving an authentication key for authenticating the UE to use the application service; using the authentication key for the authentication procedure.
 6. The method of claim 1, comprising receiving an indication of available services for the UE from the network entity.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the network resource comprises one or more of latency, cell load, application state, bandwidth, jitter tolerance, quality of service, or quality of experience.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: measuring a network resource metric; encoding a reporting HTTP message with the measured network resource metric; and transmitting the reporting HTTP message to the network entity.
 9. A user equipment (UE), comprising: radio frequency (RF) circuitry; and baseband circuitry coupled to the RF circuitry, the baseband circuitry to: identify a network resource for the UE to use to access an application service; encode a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) message with a request for the network resource; transmit the HTTP message to a network entity using a transport layer protocol; receive an acknowledgement HTTP message to acknowledge the request for the network resource; receive a radio resource control (RRC) message to configure a radio channel based on the network resource; and access the application service using the radio channel.
 10. The UE of claim 9, wherein the RRC message comprises an RRC connection reconfigure message.
 11. The UE of claim 9, wherein the HTTP message comprises a Quality of Experience (QoE) request field, the QoE field encoded with the network resource.
 12. The UE of claim 9, the baseband circuitry to perform an authentication procedure with the network entity prior to transmitting the HTTP message.
 13. The UE of claim 12, the baseband circuitry to: receive an authentication key for authenticating the UE to use the application service; use the authentication key for the authentication procedure.
 14. The UE of claim 9, the baseband circuitry to receive an indication of available services for the UE from the network entity.
 15. The UE of claim 9, wherein the network resource comprises one or more of latency, cell load, application state, bandwidth, jitter tolerance, quality of service, or quality of experience.
 16. The UE of claim 9, the baseband circuitry to: measure a network resource metric; encode a reporting HTTP message with the measured network resource metric; and transmit the reporting HTTP message to the network entity.
 17. A baseband processor for a user equipment (UE), the processor comprising: processing circuitry to execute one or more instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: identifying a network resource for the UE to use to access an application service; and encoding a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) message with a request for the network resource; and communication circuitry to execute one or more instructions that, when executed cause the baseband processor to perform operations comprising: transmitting the HTTP message to a network entity using a transport layer protocol; receiving an acknowledgement HTTP message to acknowledge the request for the network resource; receiving a radio resource control (RRC) message to configure a radio channel based on the network resource; and accessing the application service using the radio channel.
 18. The baseband processor of claim 17, wherein: the processing circuitry to execute one or more instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: measuring a network resource metric, and encoding a reporting HTTP message with the measured network resource metric; and the communications circuitry to execute one or more instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform operations comprising transmitting the reporting HTTP message to the network entity.
 19. The baseband processor of claim 17, wherein the network resource comprises one or more of latency, cell load, application state, bandwidth, jitter tolerance, quality of service, or quality of experience.
 20. The baseband processor of claim 17 wherein the RRC message comprises an RRC connection reconfigure message. 